04087nam a22002057a 4500 290661 290661 632.6 ABH/OR PG Abhijith R L Origin and composition of stingless bee propolis Vellayani Department of Agricultural Entomology, ollege of Agriculture 2023 80p. MSc The present investigation entitled “Origin and composition of stingless bee propolis” was conducted at the Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during 2020-2022. The objective of the study was to assess the resin-foraging behaviour of stingless bees, the origin of the resin, and the characterization of bee propolis. Four locations viz., AICRP on Honey Bees and Pollinators, Vellayani, and apiaries in Nedumangad, Mariapuram, and Navaikulam were selected for the study. Resin sources, foraging rate, physical characteristics, and major components of propolis were studied. The trees and plants were observed within up to a 100m radius of the bee hive for identifying the resin source. Plants identified were Mango tree (Mangifera indica L.), Jack tree (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.), Breadfruit tree (Artocarpus altilis Parkinson), Cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.), Cambodge tree (Garcinia cambogia Syn.), False mangosteen (Garcinia xanthochymus Hook.), Monkey puzzle tree (Araucaria araucana Molina). Based on the resin flow and wounds present, plants were grouped into 4 grades from 1-4. The number of bees visiting the wound was also counted. M. indica (4) and G. cambogia (3) were recorded with maximum stingless bees foraging per day. A. araucana and G. xanthochymus came under grade 2 with minimum stingless bees foraging per day. Resin foraging activity was found high from 0900h to 1600h in all the locations throughout the observation. Peak foraging activity was noticed from 1100h to 1200h at Vellayani, Mariapuram, and Nedumangad, Navaikulam. There was no significant correlation between weather parameters and resin foraging rate when correlation studies were conducted. Propolis from all the locations possess pleasant aromatic smells and was sticky in texture at normal temperatures and hard at cold temperatures. The colour of propolis from Vellayani and Navaikulam was moderate brown. It was dark grayish-reddish brown and moderate olive brown in Nedumangad and Mariapuram respectively. LC-HRMS and GC-HRMS analysis revealed that the main chemical classes present in the propolis were acids, fatty acids, steroids, alcohols, amines, amino acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, chalcones, aldehydes, ketones, benzene, coumarin, pterocarpan, ether, and ester. The predominant components identified in the propolis of Vellayani and Nedumangad were 20S, 24S-dihydroxy dammer-25-en-3-one, whereas it was Glycyrrhizic acid in Mariapuram and Navaikulam. The various components found common throughout the locations were syringic acid, and ellagic acid (acids), punicic acid, 9,10-dihydroxystearic acid, and phloionolic acid (steroids and fatty acids), thevetiaflavone, luteolin, and quercetin (flavonoids), octadecanamine and oleamide (amines), ursolic acid and oleanolic acid (terpenoids), 5-[(z)-pentadec-8-enyl] benzene1,3-diol (alcohols), dihydrocordoin and orotinichalcone (chalcones). Thus, this study identified different botanical resin sources and found M. indica and G. cambogia with maximum stingless bees foraging. High foraging activity was observed from 0900h to 1600h in all the locations throughout the year. Several components were identified with functional groups like acids, fatty acids, steroids, alcohols, flavonoids, terpenoids, etc. from the propolis when the chemical characterization studies were carried out. Agricultural Entomology Stingless bee propolis LC-HRMS analysis Tetragonula travancorica Vijayasree V (Guide) https://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/handle/1/5810224357 ddc TH 0 0 0 1 TH KAUCLV KAUCLV THESES 2023-10-03 0 632.6 ABH/OR PG 175842 2023-10-03 00:00:00 TH